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__NOTOC__ ''Rhizocarpon geographicum'' (the map lichen) is a species of lichen, which grows on rocks in mountainous areas of low air pollution. Each lichen is a flat patch bordered by a black line of spores. These patches grow adjacent to each other, leading to the appearance of a map or a patchwork field. When circular, or roughly circular, the diameter of this lichen species has been widely used to help determining the relative age of deposits e.g. moraine systems, thus revealing evidence of glacial advances. The process is termed lichenometry. This technique is generally attributed to the work of Roland Beschel in the Alps 〔 Beschel, R. E. 1950. Flechten als Altersmaßstab rezenter Moränen.Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie NF, 1:151-62. ('Translated by W. Barr as Lichens as a measure of the age of recent moraines. Arctic and Alpine Research, 5, 303-309)〕 Lichenometry is based on the assumption that the largest lichen growing on a rock is the oldest individual. Generally, the five largest lichen thalli diameters are taken, although several statistical methods have been used. If the growth rate is known, the maximum lichen size will give a minimum age for when this rock was deposited. The growth rate curve, a graph of age of a lichen against the date of the substrate on which it is found has to be constructed for an area. Beschel originally used gravestones to produce a calibration curve. Growth rates for different areas and species can be obtained by measuring maximum lichen sizes on substrates of known age, such as gravestones, historic or prehistoric rock buildings, or moraines of known age (e.g. those deposited during the Little Ice Age). For further discussion see lichenometry. ==Distribution== This lichen species is broadly distributed and may be found in most cold areas with exposed rock surfaces. The North American range includes the Sierra Nevada〔Tracy Irwin Storer, Robert Leslie Usinger and David Lukas. 2004. ''Sierra Nevada Natural History, 2nd ed, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-24096-0, ISBN 978-0-520-24096-4, 439 pages〕 and northern Boreal forests of Canada, Greenland, Iceland Fennoscandia and Siberia.〔C. Michael Hogan. (2008) (''Black Spruce: Picea mariana'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg )〕 In the tropics it only occurs at high altitudes such as the Andes of Peru and Colombia. Further south the Map lichen is found broadly across Patagonia, in the Falkland Islands, the sub Antarctic islands and the Antarctic Peninsula.〔(Global Biodiversity Information Facility )〕 In Britain it can be found commonly growing on hard siliceous rocks, especially in upland regions. Its range covers virtually all of Scotland, much of North West England, and other upland areas in much of the rest of England, Wales and Ireland too. 〔Frank Dobson. 1979. ''Lichens, An Illustrated Guide'' The Richmond Publishing Co Ltd, ISBN 0-85546-203-5, page 244〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rhizocarpon geographicum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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